The Advantages and Disadvantages of Top 20 Programming Languages

 

The advantages and disadvantages of programming languages are as under:

1. JavaScript

High-level programming language JavaScript is one of the foundational elements of the World Wide Web. 97.8% of all websites utilize it as a client-side programming language. Although JavaScript was first exclusively employed to create web browsers, it is now also utilized for server-side website deployments and apps that are not browser-based.

When JavaScript was first developed in 1995, it was called LiveScript. It was marketed as Java's "younger brother," yet at the time, Java was a very popular language. Over time, JavaScript developed into a whole separate language. These days, JavaScript and Java are sometimes confused for one another. Despite certain similarities, the two languages are different.

The most widely used programming language in the world, Javascript is in great demand across many different industries.

Level	Beginner to Intermediate
Skills Required	HTML and CSS were required to specify the content and design of  web pages
Cross-Platform	Web. Mobile and desktop
Popularity Among Programmers	The world’s most widely used programming language
Advantages	Simple to understand and use Used everywhere on the web Can run immediately within the client-side browser Reduces the demand on the website server Interpreted differently by different browsers that makes it difficult to write cross-browser code. Widely used; highly applicable

2. Python

Because of its clarity, Python is one of the most widely used programming languages available today and is simple for newcomers to pick up. It is an open-source, free programming language with community development, a large support module library, simple online service integration, an easy-to-use data structure, and desktop applications with a graphical user interface. It is a widely used programming language for applications involving deep learning and machine learning.

Programs like Blender, Inkscape, and Autodesk that are used for 2D imaging and 3D animation are developed in Python. Notable video games like Vegas Trike, Toontown, and Civilization IV have also been made with it. Python is used by well-known websites e.g. YouTube, Quora, Pinterest, and Instagram. Python is also used as scientific and computational programs like FreeCAD and Abacus.

Level	A beginner can rapidly become productive using Python.
Skills Required	Fixing issues and thinking abstractly
Platform	Web and Desktop
Popularity Among Programmers	Becoming continuously more popular
Advantages	Flexible Naturally/Intuitively readable Exceptional official instructions and records Scripted rather than compiled
Disadvantages	Doesn’t start with programming basics (known to abstract too many important basic concepts)
Popularity	Becoming continuously more popular both in technical education and business uses
Degree of Use	Widely used Coding skills, popular in technical education and business use

3. Proceed

Google created Go in 2007 for online apps and APIs. Go is a programming language that has gained rapid popularity recently because of its ease of use, capacity to manage large codebases, and ability to handle multicore and networked applications.

 Go, sometimes referred to as Golang, was developed to satisfy the demands of developers working on substantial projects. Its familiar syntax and modern, straightforward structure have helped it become more and more popular among big IT organizations. Among the many businesses that use Go as their programming language are Dropbox, Google, Uber, and Twitch.

Level	Beginner to intermediate
Skills Required	Easy to learn if you already know at least one other programming language; otherwise, you just need patience and a willingness to learn
Platform	mostly desktop
Popularity Among Programmers	It's not as well-liked as Python or Java, but its appeal has been growing.
Advantages	Generally regarded as a "minimalist" language Simple to understand Clear code Compatibility Fast
Disadvantages	No generics (which means you may end up writing more code than you would in other languages); very little library support; Go developer community is not very robust or supportive
Degree of Use	Used widely, particular for Google applications

4. Java

One of the most widely used programming languages nowadays is Java. Because of its Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) features, this general-purpose programming language, which is owned by Oracle Corporation, has become the industry standard for applications that can be utilized on any platform (such as Mac, Windows, Android, iOS, etc.). Java is hence known for being cross-platform compatible, working on everything from smartphones to mainframe data centers. Applications created using Java are currently operating on more than 3 billion devices.

Big data, online, and application development all heavily rely on Java. A number of well-known websites, like Google, Amazon, Twitter, and YouTube, also use Java on their back ends. It is widely utilized in hundreds of applications as well. Popular new Java frameworks include Hibernate, Struts, and Spring. Among the millions of Java programmers in the globe, there are hundreds

Level	Intermediate
Skills Required	Ability to solve problems and understanding of object-oriented structures
Platform	Web, Mobile, Desktop
Popularity Among Programmers	world’s most popular and high demand language
Advantages	Regarded as a good start for learning to think like a programmer and gain coding skills To access/manipulate the important computer functions e.g. file system, graphics, and sound for any fairly sophisticated and modern program that can run on any operating system.
Disadvantages	A higher level language to learn with a ton of new vocabulary
Degree of Use	Widely used; highly applicable

 5. Kotlina

The general-purpose programming language Kotlin was created by JetBrains and debuted as Project Kotlin in 2011. In 2016, the initial iteration was formally launched. Functional programming languages are supported and compatible with Java.

For developing Android apps, online applications, desktop applications, and server-side applications, Kotlin is widely utilized. The folks who use Kotlin are persuaded that it is a superior language to Java. Kotlin is the foundation for the majority of Google apps. A few businesses that use Kotlin as their programming language are PostMates, Pinterest, Coursera,

Level	Intermediate to advanced
Skills Required	previous knowledge of programming languages, especially Java
Platform	Web, Mobile, Desktop, Server
Popularity Among Programmers	Increasingly popular; used for Android applications
Advantages	Less code-heavy than Java and other languages; Relatively easy to adopt Fully compatible with Java
Disadvantages	Fluctuating compilation speed; no static keyword in Kotlin
Degree of Use	Widely used; highly applicable

6. PHP

PHP is a 1990-created open-source programming language. Given that PHP is used to create more than 80% of websites on the Internet, including well-known ones like Facebook and Yahoo, many web developers believe that learning this language is imperative.

PHP is widely utilized by programmers to create server-side scripts. However, programmers with advanced PHP coding abilities can also utilize this language to create desktop apps and command-line scripts. For inexperienced developers, PHP is thought to be a rather simple language to learn. Access to multiple specialized online groups for PHP professionals facilitates easy access to support and answers to problems.

Level	Beginner to intermediate
Skills Required	Simple if you have a background in programming languages, but relatively easy to learn for newcomers
Platform	Cross-platform (desktop, mobile, web)
Popularity Among Programmers	Used by nearly 80% of all active websites, so it’s very popular with web developers
Advantages	Open-source Easy to develop and integrated with many different tools Cost effective Flexible with database connectivity
Disadvantages	Not very secure; not well-suited for large applications; poor error-handling; cannot support a large number of apps
Degree of Use	While it’s used by the vast majority of websites, its use is declining

 7. C#

Microsoft created C#, which gained popularity in the 2000s for enabling object-oriented programming ideas. For the.NET framework, it is one of the most popular programming languages. The author of C#, Anders Hejlsberg, claims that the language is closer to C++ than it is to Java.

Because C# uses Microsoft Visual C++ as an integrated development environment, it works well for Windows, Android, and iOS applications. Many well-known websites, including Bing, Dell, Visual Studio, and MarketWatch, have C# on their back ends.

Level	Intermediate
Skills Required	A basic understanding of how to write code
Platform	including mobile and enterprise software applications
Popularity Among Programmers	Popular but not as popular as Java
Advantages	Fast  Simple to use Object-oriented Scalable and updateable Interoperable with other codes Open source Extensive library
Disadvantages	Less flexible, as it depends on Microsoft’s .Net framework; poor x-platform GUI
Degree of Use	Approximately used by one-third of all software developers, particularly relevant for Microsoft developers

8. Swift

A few years back, Swift was ranked among the top 10 programming languages each month by the TIOBE Index. In 2014, Apple created Swift for Mac and Linux applications.

Swift is an easy-to-learn, open-source programming language that supports nearly everything from Objective-C. Compared to other programming languages, Swift requires less coding knowledge and is compatible with IBM Swift Sandbox and IBM Bluemix. Popular iOS apps like SoundCloud, WordPress, Mozilla Firefox, and even the game Flappy Bird employ Swift. iOS application developers are professionals who take home

Level	Beginner to intermediate
Skills Required	Willingness to spend time reading tutorials (which are widely available); no prior experience with programming languages required
Platform	Mobile (Apple iOS apps, specifically)
Popularity Among Programmers	Gaining in popularity, especially among Apple iOS application developers
Advantages	Relatively easy to learn Clean syntax Less code Faster than comparable programming languages Open source
Disadvantages	Still a young language; poor interoperability with third party tools; lacks support for earlier versions of iOS
Degree of Use	Widely used for creating iOS apps for the iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch

 9. R

R is an open-source language that can be thought of as a S language variant. A large portion of the code created for S can be used directly on R without any changes.

R comes with built-in applications for processing statistics, such as testing, calculation, analysis, visualization, and both linear and nonlinear modeling. R-coded applications have the ability to process both structured and unstructured data and communicate with several databases.

R is more difficult for novices to learn than some of the other languages in this article, and it has a moderate learning curve. R does, however, have a vibrant online developer community, similar to other open-source programming languages, which is usually advantageous for picking up new coding techniques.

Level	Intermediate
Skills Required	Easier if you already know Javascript or Python, but it’s recommended for people with a firm grasp of mathematics
Platform	Mainly desktop
Popularity Among Programmers	Not as popular as it once was, mainly due to rival language Python’s soaring popularity
Advantages	Open source Great support for managing data Wide variety of packages available  Cross-functional with Linux, Windows, and Mac OS Ideal for machine learning applications
Disadvantages	Objects are stored in physical memory, which can strain resources; lacks basic security; slower than Matlab or Python
Degree of Use	Widely used for analytics

10. Ruby

Ruby is a good option if you want to start with a language that is renowned for being somewhat easy to learn. It was created in the 1990s with the intention of having a more user-friendly syntax while maintaining the flexibility of its object-oriented architecture, which allows for the support of procedural and functional programming languages. Ruby on Rails, or "RoR," is a Ruby web application framework. Ruby developers brag about how simple it is to write in and how little time it takes to become proficient in. Due to these qualities, there is a sizable community of Ruby developers and the language is becoming more and more popular among new developers.

Level	Beginner – Ruby and Ruby on Rails have evolved to become  popular for web developers.
Skills Required	Problem-solving, abstract thinking (ability to visualize what application users want to see)
Platform	Web
Popularity Among Programmers	On the rise
Advantages	Flexible The syntax is easy to read and to write (no specialized vocabulary needed to get started) Enforces good programming style
Degree of Use	Least broadly used

11. C and C++

The foundation of several programming languages, including C#, Java, and JavaScript, is C, which is arguably the most widely used and ancient computer language. C++ is a refined form of C. While some developers believe studying C first provides a crucial basis for C++ programming, many developers today forego learning C on its own. Both languages are extensively utilized in programming and computer science fields.

Because compilers for a wide range of systems are available to C and C++ developers, applications written in these languages are generally portable. It is thought that C and C++ are high-performance languages. As a result, they are frequently utilized in the development of client/server apps, video games, and commercial goods like Firefox and Adobe where efficiency is a crucial concern.

Level	C – Intermediate to Advanced  C++ – Beginner to Intermediate
Skills Required	Problem-solving, basic computer knowledge. As C and C++ are geared toward low-level management of computer resources,  knowledge of computer functions such as memory management is beneficial.
Platform	Mobile, Desktop, Embedded
Popularity Among Programmers	C – There has been a higher migration from C to C++ C++ – One of the world’s most popular languages
Advantages	C – Used to learn the fundamentals of programming at the lowest (hardware) level C++ – allows for a much higher “control” than other languages
Disadvantages	C – Coding in C is stricter, not very beginner-friendly language, the steeper learning curve   C++ – A bit more challenging to pick up and become productive with than C (and even more so than Java)
Degree of Use	C – Widely used C++ – Widely used

12. Matlab

Matlab is a MathWorks-owned proprietary programming language that was first made available in the middle of the 1980s. It is designed primarily for usage by engineers and scientists. Matlab is used by programmers to create deep learning and machine learning applications. Users can process photos, build algorithms, evaluate data, and validate studies with Matlab-based programs.

Compared to the other programming languages on our list, Matlab is generally simpler to learn. There is a substantial portion on the MathWorks website devoted to providing answers to Matlab-related queries.

Level	Beginner
Skills Required	Basic knowledge of programming is recommended, but not required
Platform	Mostly desktop
Popularity Among Programmers	Not as popular as Python (its closest rival), but its popularity is increasing for hardware engineering and running visualizations
Advantages	Can be used to easily run and test algorithms Easily debugged Enables extensive data analysis and visualizations Relatively simple to learn
Disadvantages	As an interpreted (vs. compiled) language, it is relatively slow and installation files take a significant space on the computer
Degree of Use	Not used outside of the science and research domains

13. TypeScript

Although TypeScript is relatively new to rankings of the best programming languages, it is gaining ground. Large code bases are a good fit for this typed version of JavaScript, which Microsoft developed in 2012. For both client-side and server-side development, TypeScript is used to create JavaScript-based applications with typing, which is helpful for error detection and preventing systemic problems.

Level	Intermediate to Advanced
Skills Required	Basic knowledge of JavaScript required
Platform	Web
Popularity Among Programmers	Rapidly gaining popularity among programmers, especially for large-scale programs.
Advantages	Great for large-scale projects It has the fastest growing GitHub community Makes JavaScript development more efficient
Disadvantages	You need to know JavaScript first.
Degree of Use	Achieving heavy traction among web developers

 14. Scala

The finest oop and functional programming languages are combined into one unique, high-level language in Scala, a general-purpose, type-safe Java virtual machine language. Scala is the best language for minimizing and getting rid of defects in big, complicated programs. Both functional and object-oriented programming are supported.

Scala can be used by programmers for any work that they would typically perform with Java. Although Scala is a complicated language, its complexity allows for a great deal of flexibility. The New York Times, Twitter, and Netflix are among the businesses that use Scala.

Level	Complex
Skills Required	Basic knowledge of Java, C, C++, or Python recommended, but not required
Platform	Cross-platform
Popularity Among Programmers	Scala’s popularity has taken several hits, due to its complexity. A good reputation in the fields of big data and machine learning
Advantages	Faster than Python Ideal for data analytics Highly functional
Disadvantages	It’s very complex  The SBT and compiler are clunky  Limited developer pool
Degree of Use	Extensive use in many companies’ data engineering infrastructure, especially data processing, web development, and distributed computing.

15. SQL 

A common language for database queries is SQL. Database data can be accessed and modified using it. Declarative languages like SQL outline the intended outcomes but not the procedures to get there. SQL is the most popular database query language in the world and a strong tool for accessing and modifying data.

Advantages of SQL

Users may swiftly manipulate and query data in a database with the help of SQL, a standard database query language.

Web applications, data warehouses, and e-commerce apps are just a few of the settings and applications that frequently use SQL.

Compared to alternative database query languages, SQL offers a number of advantages, including better data integrity, faster performance, and easier access to data manipulation.

Disadvantages of SQL

It can be difficult to learn SQL if you are not familiar with database or programming concepts. When working with huge databases, SQL might be slower than other languages. Furthermore, SQL is not a good fit for all activities, including machine learning and intricate mathematical computations. 

16. HTML

The industry standard language for building web pages and apps is HTML, or HyperText Markup Language. Web pages are created with HTML. HTML allows you to include links, photos, and other kinds of content on your webpage. To develop a basic web page, you don't need to know much about HTML, as it is a simple computer language.

Using HTML structures, images and other objects—like interactive forms—can be incorporated within the generated page. By providing structural semantics for text elements such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotations, and other objects, it makes it possible to create structured texts. Tags, which are written in angle brackets, are used to identify HTML elements.

HTML's advantages

Using HTML to create well-structured, standards-compliant, and easily maintainable and updated web pages is one of its benefits.

For people who are new to web programming, HTML is an excellent place to start because it is very simple to master.

HTML is commonly used in conjunction with CSS and JavaScript to organize and display content on the web.

The most recent version, HTML5, has additional functionality like local storage, 2D/3D graphics, and audio and video elements. The goal of HTML5 is to improve upon earlier iterations of the language in terms of efficiency and usability.

Disadvantages of HTML

There are a few possible disadvantages to web building with HTML.

First of all, HTML is a markup language, which implies that developing complicated web pages or applications in HTML can be more difficult than using a programming language like PHP or JavaScript.

Furthermore, web developers must correctly encode any user input to prevent security vulnerabilities because HTML is not a highly secure language.

Finally, because HTML contains a large number of distinct elements and syntax rules, it might be difficult for beginners to understand.

 17. CSS

 A style sheet language called CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to specify how a page created using a markup language is displayed. An HTML or XML document can be managed by a style sheet, which is a collection of guidelines for web browsers.

CSS is used to style all HTML tags, including headers, paragraphs, body text, and other text components. The way that table elements, grid components, and images are displayed

Advantages of CSS

All HTML tags, such as the document's body, headings, paragraphs, and other content, are styled using CSS. The display of photos, grid elements, and table components can all be modified with CSS.

CSS is a tool used by web developers to build accessible and responsive webpages. Web developers may find it simpler to design websites with CSS that display well on mobile and tablet devices.

Additionally, CSS can aid in improving a website's accessibility for those with disabilities.

It's simple to learn and utilize CSS. With the abundance of online tutorials and resources, anyone can begin styling their web sites with CSS.

Disadvantages of CSS

It can be difficult to troubleshoot CSS. Finding the cause of an issue when there are mistakes in a CSS file can be challenging.

Writing might sometimes take a lot of time. The creation and upkeep of CSS files can be very time-consuming due to their size and complexity.

All things considered, the CSS is an effective tool for styling web pages. Before utilizing it, though, it's critical to be aware of any potential disadvantages.

18. NoSQL

Non-relational databases, or NoSQL databases, are made to be highly performant and scalable. Furthermore, NoSQL databases are frequently utilized in big data applications, which disperse data throughout several nodes.

Key-value stores, columnar stores, document stores, and graph databases are the four main types of NoSQL databases.

Advantages of NoSQL

A database system that does not employ the conventional relational model is called NoSQL.

Rapidly scaling big data applications are common uses for NoSQL databases.

Compared to relational databases, NoSQL databases may be faster and more scalable.

Cons of NoSQL NoSQL databases may not have all of the features and functionality that SQL databases have because they are typically less developed than SQL databases.

Finding qualified staff who can work with NoSQL databases can also be more difficult due to their lack of standardization compared to SQL databases.

Furthermore, compared to SQL databases, NoSQL databases might not be as compatible with current infrastructure and applications.

19. Rust

Rust is a language for programming that aims to be practical, safe, and concurrent. It is an extremely fast systems programming language that ensures thread safety and guards against segfaults. Additionally memory-efficient, Rust requires very little memory, which makes it perfect for embedded systems. 

Advantages of Rust

Rust is a quick and effective programming language for building high-end software.

Rust is ideal for creating mission-critical software since it is a dependable and safe language.

Besides being simple to use and learn, Rust boasts an excellent development community that is always happy to provide a hand.

Disadvantages of Rust

Although Rust is a very feature-rich language, there are some disadvantages to using it.

Since Rust is a new language, learning and using it might be challenging. As such, there should be more documentation or help available for other languages.

Furthermore, Rust is limited in its platform support, and integrating it with existing codebases can be difficult.

20. Perl

Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted programming language. Though not really an acronym, there are a number of backronyms for Perl, such as "Practical Extraction and Report Language." In order to simplify report processing, Larry Wall in 1987 created Perl as a general-purpose Unix scripting language. It has undergone numerous alterations and revisions since then.

Because of its strength and versatility, Perl is frequently referred to as the "Swiss Army knife" of programming languages. It is employed in many different fields, such as system management, network programming, and web development.

Advantages of Perl

Programming in Perl is a sophisticated language with a wide range of features and uses. It is extensively utilized in numerous domains, including network programming, web development, and system administration.

Perl is a great option for newcomers because of its simple syntax and ease of learning. It's also incredibly flexible, enabling you to develop programs in a variety of styles.

Perl is a strong option for database-driven applications because of its great support for numerous databases. It's a great option for applications that involve a lot of media because it also offers outstanding support for graphics and multimedia.

Disadvantages of Perl

Perl is a feature-rich and intriguing programming language, but it is not without its drawbacks. It is more difficult to learn than certain other languages, including Python, and can be confusing to novices due to its high learning curve.

Furthermore, not as much assistance is accessible for Perl as there is for other languages due to its lesser usage.

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